Preface: The overall project goal of the ALSA System on Chip (ASoC) layer is to provide better ALSA support for embedded system-on-chip processors.

Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) is a software framework and part of the Linux kernel that provides an application programming interface (API) for sound card device drivers.

Background: The snd_soc_put_volsw() function is part of the ALSA System on Chip (ASoC) layer in the Linux kernel. It is included in the kernel source, but whether it is available by default depends on the specific kernel configuration and the presence of ASoC support. Here’s a brief overview of its features:

Purpose: It sets the volume control values for the sound subsystem.

Arguments: It takes two arguments: kcontrol, which represents the mixer control, and ucontrol, which contains the control element information.

Return Value: It returns 0 on success.

Vulnerability details: ASoC: ops: Consistently treat platform_max as control value This reverts commit 9bdd10d57a88 (“ASoC: ops: Shift tested values in snd_soc_put_volsw() by +min”), and makes some additional related updates.

Speculated this is an enhancement and remediation for CVE-2022-48917

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ASoC: ops: Shift tested values in snd_soc_put_volsw() by +min While the $val/$val2 values passed in from userspace are always >= 0 integers, the limits of the control can be signed integers and the $min can be non-zero and less than zero. To correctly validate $val/$val2 against platform_max, add the $min offset to val first. (CVE-2022-48917)

Official announcement: Please see the link for details –

https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-37889

Preface: The buddy allocator is a well-known memory management algorithm used in the Linux kernel. It is designed to efficiently allocate and deallocate memory in contiguous blocks.

Background: What is RCU usage in the Linux kernel?

Read-copy update (RCU) is a scalable high-performance synchronization mechanism implemented in the Linux kernel. RCU’s novel properties include support for con- current reading and writing, and highly optimized inter- CPU synchronization.

Currently kvfree_rcu() APIs use a system workqueue which is “system_unbound_wq” to driver RCU machinery to reclaim a memory.

In the Linux kernel, the kvfree_rcu() API uses a system workqueue, specifically the system_unbound_wq, to drive RCU (Read-Copy-Update) machinery for memory reclamation. This setup is used to handle deferred memory freeing in a non-blocking manner. However, there was a recent change where the workqueue was switched to WQ_MEM_RECLAIM to ensure that memory reclamation tasks are handled more efficiently and to avoid potential kernel warnings.

Not every Linux API uses the system_unbound_wq to request memory. The system_unbound_wq is a specific type of workqueue used for tasks that are not bound to any particular CPU, allowing them to run on any available CPU. This is useful for tasks that require high concurrency or have wide fluctuations in concurrency levels.

Vulnerability details: The issue with kvfree_rcu() is primarily related to how it uses the system workqueue (system_unbound_wq) for memory reclamation. This can lead to kernel warnings and potential system instability. The warnings indicate that the workqueue framework rules are being violated, which can affect the reliability of the memory reclamation process.

Remedy: So, while kvfree_rcu() itself is not fundamentally flawed, the way it was implemented led to issues that have now been resolved by using a more appropriate workqueue.

Official announcement: Please refer to the link for details – https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-21983

Preface: Stateless applications perform tasks based on the input provided in the current transaction. These applications make use of Content Delivery Network (CDN) and web to process short term requests. Unlike stateful applications, stateless applications do not save users data. There is no stored knowledge or information for reference to past records. 

Containers are widely used for deploying microservices, running stateful applications, and achieving high-performance, scalable solutions.

Background: A 32-bit signed integer can represent values from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. When applied to UID (User Identifier) and GID (Group Identifier), it means that the maximum value for these identifiers is 2,147,483,647.

Setting a user with a specific UID:GID serves several important purposes in Unix-like operating systems:

1. Identification: The UID uniquely identifies a user, while the GID identifies the group to which the user belongs. This helps the system manage user permissions and access control.
2. Permissions Management: UIDs and GIDs are used to determine the access rights of users and groups to files and directories. For example, a file might be readable and writable by its owner (identified by UID), but only readable by others in the same group (identified by GID).
3. Security: By assigning different UIDs and GIDs, the system can enforce security policies, ensuring that users can only access the resources they are permitted to. This is crucial for maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of data.
4. Resource Allocation: UIDs and GIDs help in allocating system resources, such as CPU time and memory, to users and groups.
5. This ensures fair usage and prevents any single user or group from monopolizing system resources.

Vulnerability details: containerd is an open-source container runtime. A bug was found in containerd prior to versions 1.6.38, 1.7.27, and 2.0.4 where containers launched with a User set as a `UID:GID` larger than the maximum 32-bit signed integer can cause an overflow condition where the container ultimately runs as root (UID 0). This could cause unexpected behavior for environments that require containers to run as a non-root user.

Official announcement: Please refer to the link for details – https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-40635

Preface: AMD EPYC™ Processors power the highest-performing x86 servers for the modern data center, on prem and in cloud environments, across industries.

Background: Model-specific registers (MSR) are control registers provided by the processor implementation so that system software can interact with a variety of features, including performance monitoring, checking processor status, debugging, program tracing or toggling specific CPU features.

Intel and AMD may use the same MSR for the same feature, such as the IA32_LSTAR MSR register.

When it came to the Intel Pentium processor, Intel officially introduced two instructions, RDMSR and WRMSR, for reading and writing the MSR temporary register. At this time, MSR was officially introduced. When the RDMSR and WRMSR instructions were introduced, the CPUID instruction was also introduced. This instruction is used to indicate which functions are available in a specific CPU chip, or whether the MSR registers corresponding to these functions exist. The software can query a certain function through the CPUID instruction. Whether these functions are supported on the current CPU.

Vulnerability details: Improper validation in a model specific register (MSR) could allow a malicious program with ring0 access to modify SMM configuration while SMI lock is enabled, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution.

Ref: Researchers from IOActive have reported that it may be possible for an attacker with ring 0 access to modify the configuration of System Management Mode (SMM) even when SMM Lock is enabled.

Official announcement: Please refer to the link for details – https://www.amd.com/en/resources/product-security/bulletin/amd-sb-7014.html