Preface: In 2020, the global AI software market is expected to grow approximately 54 percent year-on-year, reaching a forecast size of 22.6 billion U.S. dollars.

Background: NVIDIA^® Jetson™ Linux requires a root file system. You must create a Linux host system and copy it to your reference board. NVIDIA provides a tool to generate a root filesystem. To use the tool, go to Navigate to the tools/samplefs directory of the extracted NVIDIA driver package. When you install according to the standard, you must download a file. Then run the apply_binaries.sh script to copy the NVIDIA user space libraries into the target file system.

Vulnerability details: A vulnerability occurred of existing mechanism causes improper access control is applied, which may lead to an unprivileged user being able to modify system device tree files, leading to denial of service. Official details shown as below link.

https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5147

Supplement: Perhaps the impact is a denial of service but this is the alert signal to AI and robotic world to staying alert.

Preface: About decades ago, video recording was used to perform IT system monitoring and governance. The most famous brands are RSA NetWitness and CyberArk. However, products made in Israel provide a cost-effective solution. The software product named “ObserveIT”. The “ObserveIT” software product is now under the umbrella of Proofpoint, Inc..

Vulnerability details: The Proofpoint Insider Threat Management (formerly ObserveIT) Agent for Windows, which allows a local authenticated Windows user to run arbitrary commands with the privileges of the Windows SYSTEM user.

Affected version: before 7.4.3, 7.5.4, 7.6.5, 7.7.5, 7.8.4, 7.9.3, 7.10.2, and 7.11.0.25 as well as versions 7.3 and earlier.

Remedy: https://www.proofpoint.com/us/security/security-advisories/pfpt-sa-2021-0001

Additional note: If user have access permission to change a file or folder. Meanwhile there is a named service in this directory.
As a result, user can create a payload with “msfvenom” tool. With this payload it can manipulate this specify service. After uploading the payload to system and moved into “common files” directory. When it start, you will receive a session on the system as NT Authority/System.

Background: sudo command allows you to run programs with the security privileges of another user. All auditors and security expert highly recommend to use. We can say it is a best practices.

Vulnerability details: Sudo before 1.9.5p2 has a Heap-based Buffer Overflow, allowing privilege escalation to root via “sudoedit -s”
and a command-line argument that ends with a single backslash character.

Impact: Taking control of the Linux system vulnerability version: before 1.9.5p2

Workaround: No

Fix: The bug is fixed in sudo 1.9.5p2.

Immediate action: You should patch immediately.

Reference: https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/current-activity/2021/02/02/sudo-heap-based-buffer-overflow-vulnerability-cve-2021-3156

Security concern: Since system admin will deny to use SSH remotely without VPN connectivity because of security reason.
Therefore this design weakness will be exploit by insider threats. If you cannot patch immediately. You should fine tune your SIEM to monitoring sudo usage.

Background: Adobe ColdFusion is a development platform that uses CFML to quickly build modern web apps. Unlike other programming languages, ColdFusion is tag-based. It’s easy to use and can be the backbone of numerous development modules and functionalities.

Dynamic-link library loading mechanism: The DLL loaded once and all programs share the same in-memory copy of code. The read-only sections of the DLL loader uses a technique called “memory mapping” to map the DLL into the process’s address space. The pages are only loaded into physical memory once for all processes, even though they may have the page mapped to different address in their virtual address space. If no design weakness occurs, dynamically-allocated memory is not shared.

Question: Can the .dll file be replaced while the application is running? If you would like to update DLLs that applications use in Windows without terminating the process. Yes, it is possible, but the application must have special machanism to unload the current running DLL and reload the new DLL file.

Vulnerability Details:

1. By placing a malicious DLL with the same name as an ambiguously specified DLL in a location that Windows searches before the legitimate DLL. By default C:[\]ColdFusion2021.
2. 2. Remote DLL preloading attacks occur when a program sets its current directory to a remote location such as a Web share before loading a DLL. Or Modify the program loads DLLs by replacing an existing DLL or modifying a .manifest or .local redirection file, directory, or junction to cause the program to load a different DLL.

Reference article: About Adobe ColdFusion is vulnerable to privilege escalation due to weak ACLs – https://kb.cert.org/vuls/id/125331

Preface: Mount a drive image emulated as an SD card with qemu-system-x86_64.

qemu-system-x86_64 -smp cores=4 -m 1024 -device sdhci-pci -device sd-card,drive=mydrive -drive id=mydrive,if=none,format=raw,file=image.bin

Background:

QEMU Integration with other virtual machines

• VirtualBox uses some QEMU virtual hardware devices and has a built-in qemudede-based Dynamic re-compiler.Same as KQEMU.
• Xen HVM has device emulation based on the QEMU project to provide I/O virtualization to the virtual machines.
• Qemu on FreeBSD as host.It runs under Windows 2000, Windows XP, GNU/Linux (RedHat, Debian) and FreeBSD “host” systems.

QEMU can simulate a variety of hardware devices

• Android and ARM: QEMU emulates the ARMv7 instruction set using the NEON extension.It simulates the Integrated System / CP board,multi-function backplane.
• In Android OS because the VM memory page allocation is not continuous,PIPE driver will pass the remote data address
  to QEMU several times.

Design weakness: sdhci – While doing multi block SDMA, transfer block size may exceed the ‘s->fifo_buffer[s->buf_maxsz]’ size.

Impact: Resulting in a denial of service condition, or potentially execute arbitrary code with privileges of the QEMU process on the host.

Vulnerability details: Refer to link – https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-17380