Preface: Qualcomm chipsets contain Powerline Communication (PLC) firmware features, particularly within their automotive and IoT-focused product lines designed for smart grid and electric vehicle (EV) charging.

Background: To implement write protection for SPI Flash, you generally need a combination of Hardware WP# pins and Software Status Register configurations.

The SPI Flash physical and software protection bits (BP bits / WP# pin) failed to provide a complete write-lock across the device lifecycle.

The threat model for CVE-2026-25293 usually assumes an attacker targets the PIB (Parameter Information Block):

•       Malicious PIB Modification: If WP is not active, an attacker can change MAC addresses or security keys in the PIB to conduct Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks and steal charging credentials.

•       Persistent Backdoor: By overwriting sections of the NVM code (made possible because BP bits = 0), an attacker can implant a persistent backdoor that survives a reboot.

Vulnerability Details:

Title – Incorrect authorization in PLC FW

Description – Buffer overflow due to incorrect authorization in PLC FW

Technology Area – PLC FW

Vulnerability Type – CWE-863

Access Vector – Remote

Security Rating – Critical

Official announcement: Please refer to the link for details – https://docs.qualcomm.com/securitybulletin/may-2026-bulletin.html

Remedy: The primary remedy is to update the affected PLC firmware to the latest version supplied by the vendor that specifically addresses this CVE.

Preface: Even though QSC is installed on your Windows or Linux PC, its primary mission is to manage the Linux operating system that lives on your Target Development Board. QSC v1.21.0 knows exactly how to handle projects based on “Long Term Support Kernels” and provides the specific tools and patches required for them.

Background: To enable this within your qsc-cli workspace, follow these steps to modify your build configuration:

Step 1. Log in to the CLI
bash

qsc-cli login -u <your_email_address>

Step 2. In the context of the Qualcomm QRB4210 (RB2) and the Qualcomm Linux SDK, “enabling the SocketIO interface” typically refers to configuring a high-speed communication transport layer used in the Robot Operating System (ROS) or for high-speed sensor data between subsystems.

To enable this within your qsc-cli workspace, follow these steps to modify your build configuration:

Step 3. Identify the Required Metadata Layer

Socket-based transport optimizations, such as QRB ROS transport for zero-copy message passing, are often contained in the Qualcomm Intelligent Robotics (QIRP) SDK layers. Ensure you have the meta-qcom-qirp (or similar) layer in your workspace

Step 4. Update your bblayers.conf

Step 5. Enable via Kernel Menuconfig (If Hardware Socket/Interface)

If you are referring to a specific hardware-backed socket interface (like a virtualized socket for a DSP or NPU), you may need to enable it in the kernel:

Enter your build environment via qsc-cli.

Run the devtool to modify the kernel configuration:

Bash

devtool menuconfig linux-qcom-base

Search (using /) for SOCKET or the specific interface driver name (e.g., AF_QIPCRTR for Qualcomm IPC Router sockets).

Set it to <*>

Vulnerability details: Improper authorization in Qualcomm Software Center

Description : Improper authorization leads to Remote Code Execution via SocketIO interface.

Official announcement: Please refer to the link for details –

https://docs.qualcomm.com/securitybulletin/may-2026-bulletin.html

Preface: Qualcomm provides the Snapdragon Auto 5G Modem-RF (such as the Gen 2 platform) specifically for the automotive industry. For the automotive and EV sector, Qualcomm offers a dedicated platform called the Snapdragon Auto 5G Modem-RF Gen 2. Qualcomm developed the Snapdragon Auto 5G Modem-RF platform (specifically the Gen 2 version) to address the rigorous demands of safety, precise positioning, and integrated computing in the era of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV).

Background: Snapdragon Auto 5G Modem-RF (Gen 2) supports mission-critical vehicle features such as:

• C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything): Direct communication between vehicles and roadside infrastructure for safety.
• Advanced Positioning: High-accuracy GNSS for autonomous driving and HD mapping.
• Satellite Communications: Support for two-way messaging in remote areas.
• Telematics Framework (TelAF): A specialized development environment for automakers to build connected services.

Ref: A Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV) is an automobile where core features—such as performance, safety, and infotainment—are primarily managed, upgraded, and enhanced through software rather than fixed hardware. By decoupling hardware from software, SDVs enable over-the-air (OTA) updates to add new features or improve functionality throughout the vehicle’s lifespan, functioning more like a smartphone on wheels than a traditional machine.

Vulnerability details: Memory corruption when buffer copy operation fails due to integer overflow during attestation report generation.

Official announcement: Please refer to link for details – https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-47389

Preface: The iframe (Inline Frame) is an HTML element used to embed another document or website within the current web page (e.g., embedding a YouTube video or a Google Map).

Background: High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) in a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) refers to securing the handshake, authentication, and encryption keys of audio/video content within a secure, isolated area of a device’s processor.

• When a HDCP session is deinitialized, the non-secure buffer allocated for communication with the TEE is freed.
• However, if the cleanup sequence does not enforce strict ordering, “lingering references” (such as asynchronous callbacks or TEE drivers) might still attempt to access that memory.
• This results in a memory corruption (Use-After-Free), allowing a local attacker with low privileges to potentially escalate their rights or cause a system crash. 

This is a memory integrity issue, not a cryptographic one.  Memory corruption during deinitialization. The vulnerability resides in the way the HLOS (Android kernel/drivers) and TrustZone interact, the fix must be applied at the Firmware/Kernel level via a system update from the manufacturer (OEM). 

Vulnerability details:

Title: Exposed Dangerous Method or Function in HLOS

Description: Cryptographic issue when a Trusted Zone with outdated code is triggered by a HLOS providing incorrect input.

Technology Area: HLOS

Vulnerability Type: CWE-749 Exposed Dangerous Method or Function.

Risk Level High (CVSS Score: 7.8)

Affected Platforms: Multiple Qualcomm Chipsets (including Snapdragon series)

Official announcement: Please refer to the link for more details –

https://docs.qualcomm.com/securitybulletin/february-2026-bulletin.html

Preface: The ESP32 is a low-cost, low-power System on a Chip (SoC) microcontrollers with integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth, making it a cornerstone for modern Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It offers direct, high-level control over hardware peripherals, including GPIOs, built-in Flash memory, and network interfaces, with extensive support for low-power operation.

Background: When using SandboxJS (@nyariv/sandboxjs) for ESP32 or any Internet of Things (IoT) development, caution is essential. While the tool is designed to provide a “secure eval runtime environment,” a major vulnerability recently discovered could put your embedded devices at risk.

Core Security Risks

• Prototype Pollution: A critical vulnerability (CVE-2025-34146) exists in versions 0.8.23 and earlier. An attacker could inject malicious JavaScript code into `Object.prototype`, potentially leading to a denial-of-service (DoS) attack or escape from the sandbox environment to execute arbitrary code.
• Sandbox Escape: In early 2026, a critical escape vulnerability (GHSA-wxhw-j4hc-fmq6) was disclosed again. The reason was that the AsyncFunction was not properly isolated, which allowed attackers to access the entire scope and execute native commands.
• Specific threats to IoT devices: Because ESP32 typically has direct control over hardware (GPIO, Flash memory, network), once the sandbox is breached, attackers may directly manipulate the physical device, steal keys stored in Flash memory, or even perform malicious firmware updates.

Vulnerability details: SandboxJS is a JavaScript sandboxing library. Prior to 0.8.27, SanboxJS does not properly restrict __lookupGetter__ which can be used to obtain prototypes, which can be used for escaping the sandbox / remote code execution. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.8.27.

Official announcement: Please refer to the link for details –

https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25142

https://github.com/nyariv/SandboxJS/security/advisories/GHSA-9p4w-fq8m-2hp7

Recommendation:

Implement hardware isolation – Utilize ESP32’s hardware security features (such as Secure Boot, Flash encryption, and digital signature peripherals) to protect core keys, making it difficult for attackers to obtain sensitive credentials even if application-layer software is cracked. Consider alternatives – For embedded scenarios with extremely high security requirements, consider well-maintained JavaScript engines designed specifically for microcontrollers, such as Espruino or Moddable SDK.

Preface: ADAS data streams refer to the constant flow of real-time information collected from the vehicle’s environment by sensors like cameras, radar, lidar, and ultrasonic sensors. This data, along with processed information, is sent to the vehicle’s central computer (ADAS ECU) which uses it to perform functions such as object detection, lane keeping, and adaptive cruise control, ultimately improving safety and driving comfort. The Qualcomm Snapdragon SA9000P is a highly capable, leading-edge AI accelerator designed for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving, frequently used in combination with the SA8540P SoC as part of the Snapdragon Ride platform.

Background: Qualcomm defines memory-conservative configurations in device trees primarily to optimize boot speed, ensure system stability, and manage the complex, carved-out memory architecture typical of modern mobile SoCs. By limiting available RAM during the initial boot, Qualcomm can skip initializing vast amounts of memory, resulting in significant boot time savings (e.g., 20-30ms per GB of RAM).

DTS is capable of providing attacker‑controlled (or misconfigured) large memory partitions, which is necessary for exploitability. But the DTS alone is not the vulnerability — the bug is in Qualcomm’s handling of these sizes in downstream drivers or frameworks.

Remark: Secure engineering limit for HLOS‑visible reserved regions: Do NOT exceed 1/16th of total DDR per region unless Qualcomm documentation explicitly permits it. So the “secure maximum” becomes: 2 GB per reserved-memory region. The recommended in safety‑critical domains): Limit to 1 GB.

Vulnerability details: CVE-2025-47363 integer Overflow or Wraparound in Automotive (Memory corruption when calculating oversized partition sizes without proper checks).

This means the vulnerable path occurs when a Qualcomm driver or subsystem performs arithmetic on a partition size, and the size is large enough to overflow internal calculations, resulting in corrupted pointers, truncated lengths, or allocated regions smaller or larger than expected.

Even if the original driver is not the bug — but it can exercise the buggy Qualcomm code by providing a large memory region, which may cause overflow inside Qualcomm subsystems.

Official announcement: Please refer to the link for details – https://docs.qualcomm.com/securitybulletin/february-2026-bulletin.html

Qualcomm – Official announcement: 1^st Jan 2026

Preface: The Qualcomm Snapdragon Ride platform is used to develop advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving (AD) for vehicles. It combines powerful hardware (SoCs containing AI, GPUs, and vision engines) and software (SDKs, cloud tools) to support a wide range of functions from basic safety features to advanced autonomous driving. It allows for the integration of digital cockpit, ADAS, and AD functions on the same hardware and supports over-the-air (OTA) updates for continuous improvement.

Qualcomm SA9000P is a high-performance automotive-grade System-on-Chip (SoC) from Qualcomm’s Snapdragon Ride platform, part of a 5nm compute platform for advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving, designed to compete with NVIDIA and Intel Mobileye, often paired with the SA8540P, enabling powerful in-car computing for future connected and self-driving vehicles.

Background: In the context of Qualcomm’s software ecosystem and the Linux kernel, _count_phandle_with_args() is typically a low-level helper or a variant of the standard DeviceTree (DT) API used to determine the number of phandle entries in a specific property.

While the internal underscore-prefixed version (_count_phandle_with_args) is often used within kernel core code (like drivers/of/base.c), it is most commonly accessed by Qualcomm drivers via the public wrapper: of_count_phandle_with_args()

Therefore, developers are advised to use `of_count_phandle_with_args()` to verify array indices.

Usage in Qualcomm Drivers: Qualcomm’s MSM (Mobile Station Modem) kernel and downstream drivers use this to dynamically determine how many resources (like regulator handles or clock inputs) are defined for a hardware block before allocating memory for them.

Vulnerability details:

CVE ID – CVE-2025-47393

Title – Improper Validation of Array Index in Automotive Linux OS

Description – Memory corruption when accessing resources in kernel driver.

Technology Area – Automotive Linux OS

Vulnerability Type – CWE-129 Improper Validation of Array Index

Official announcement: Please refer to the link for details –

https://docs.qualcomm.com/securitybulletin/january-2026-bulletin.html