Preface: Hertzbleedis about inferring secrets from timing differencescaused by how CPUs adjust their frequency under load. Background: The Hertzbleed vulnerability does not specifically target the L2 cache of AMD CPUs. Instead, it exploits a broader mechanism related to dynamic frequency scaling — a feature used by modern CPUs (including AMD Zen 2 and Zen 3)…

Preface: In the Linux Kernel, SIGFPE (Signal Floating-Point Exception) indicates a computational error, specifically related to floating-point arithmetic or integer arithmetic errors. This signal is triggered by events like floating-point overflow, underflow, or division by zero. While named “Floating-Point Exception,” it actually covers a broader range of arithmetic errors. Background: What triggers SIGFPE? How it…

Preface: In a typical web application, there are three layers of middleware: Web server middleware. Application server middleware and Database middleware. A common request for file upload applications. For example: uploading user avatars, attaching documents or handling multimedia content. Multer is a node.js middleware for handling multipart/form-data, which is primarily used for uploading files. Background:…